Chair: Suraiya Faroqhi (Munich)
Kate Fleet (Cambridge)
Italians, Turks and intelligence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
Alexander Halenko (Kiev)
Moscow spying in the Ottoman empire from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries
F. A. K. Yasamee (Manchester)
Espionage at the end of the Ottoman empire
Chair: F. A. K. Yasamee (Manchester)
Bülent Gökay (Cambridge)
The illicit adventures of Rawlinson: British intelligence in the final phase of the Ottoman empire